Nanostring CosMx Subcellular Lung Cancer
Source:vignettes/nanostring_cosmx_lung_cancer.Rmd
nanostring_cosmx_lung_cancer.Rmd1 Dataset explanation
This example uses subcellular data from Nanostring"s CosMx Spatial Molecular Imager. This publicly available dataset is from an FFPE sample of non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC). This example works with Lung12.
# Ensure Giotto Suite is installed.
if(!"Giotto" %in% installed.packages()) {
pak::pkg_install("drieslab/Giotto")
}
# Ensure the Python environment for Giotto has been installed.
genv_exists <- Giotto::checkGiottoEnvironment()
if(!genv_exists){
# The following command need only be run once to install the Giotto environment.
Giotto::installGiottoEnvironment()
}2 Setup
library(Giotto)
# Custom color palettes from rcartocolor
pal10 <- c("#66C5CC","#F6CF71","#F89C74","#DCB0F2","#87C55F",
"#9EB9F3","#FE88B1","#C9DB74","#8BE0A4","#B3B3B3")
viv10 <- c("#E58606","#5D69B1","#52BCA3","#99C945","#CC61B0",
"#24796C","#DAA51B","#2F8AC4","#764E9F","#A5AA99")
# set working directory
results_folder <- "/path/to/results/"
# Optional: Specify a path to a Python executable within a conda or miniconda
# environment. If set to NULL (default), the Python executable within the previously
# installed Giotto environment will be used.
python_path <- NULL # alternatively, "/local/python/path/python" if desired.
## Set object behavior
# by directly saving plots, but not rendering them you will save a lot of time
instructions <- createGiottoInstructions(save_dir = results_folder,
save_plot = TRUE,
show_plot = FALSE,
return_plot = FALSE,
python_path = python_path)3 Create the Giotto object using the convenience function
Convenience function for loading in the CosMx data. It loads subcellular transcript information and polygons and generates a giotto object with giottoPoints objects for both “rna” and “neg_probe” nested in the gobject feat_info slot, and a giottoPolygon object for the “cell” spatial unit in the spatial_info slot.
This function performs the manual object creation steps described below. To skip those steps and preliminary data exploration, go to Section 5.
Additionally, a comparison of the count matrix produced through the convenience function “subcellular” workflow and Nanostring"s provided matrix can be found at Section 6.4.
## provide path to nanostring folder
data_path <- "/path/to/data/"
## create giotto cosmx object
fov_join <- createGiottoCosMxObject(cosmx_dir = data_path,
data_to_use = "subcellular", # only subcellular
FOVs = c(2,3,4),
instructions = instructions)
showGiottoFeatInfo(fov_join)
showGiottoSpatialInfo(fov_join)4 Manual creation of the Giotto object
4.1 Subcellular detections (points info)
tx_file.csv contains the subcellular detections information. It contains information on each of the individual feature detections within the sample.
- fov which FOV the detection happened in
- cell_ID the ID of the cell the detection happened in
- x_global_px the global spatial x location in pixels
- y_global_px the global spatial y location in pixels
- x_local_px the spatial x location in pixels within the FOV
- y_local_px the spatial y location in pixels within the FOV
- z the z plane the detection was called in (-1 to 16)
- target the feature the probe is targeted against
- CellComp Cellular compartment the detection happened in (0, Cytoplasm, Membrane, Nuclear)
4.2 Split detections by features vs negative probes
tx_file.csv contains information on both actual features (960 targeted gene probes in this dataset) and negative probes (20) that are targeted to alien sequences defined by the External RNA Controls Consortium (ERCC) that do not exist in human tissue. These two types of detections will be treated as separate feature types (feat_type) and placed in separate expression matrices.
all_IDs <- tx_coord_all[, unique(target)]
# negative probe IDs
neg_IDs <- all_IDs[grepl(pattern = "NegPrb", all_IDs)]
neg_IDs
# Feature IDs
feat_IDs <- all_IDs[!all_IDs %in% neg_IDs]
length(feat_IDs)
# split detections
feat_coords_all <- tx_coord_all[target %in% feat_IDs]
neg_coords_all <- tx_coord_all[target %in% neg_IDs]
cat("\nFeatures: ", feat_coords_all[, .N], "\n",
"NegProbes: ", neg_coords_all[, .N])4.2.1 Preview negative probes (optional)
Previewing the probe information can be done by converting to giottoPoints and then using plot(). Here we show a preview of the negative probes.
Note: if previewing the rna expression information, it is highly recommended to set a subset of features using the feats param. The default is to plot all points, which can be very slow for large data.
neg_points <- createGiottoPoints(
x = neg_coords_all[, .(target, x_global_px, y_global_px)]
)
plot(neg_points,
point_size = 0.2,
feats = neg_IDs)
4.3 FOV shifts
fov_positions_file.csv contains information on the x and y shifts needed in order to put the FOVs tiles together into a cohesive whole. This information is needed during the image attachment and alignment process.
4.4 Choose field of view for analysis
CosMx data is large and Giotto loads in the subcellular information by FOV. This dataset includes 28 FOVs which can be difficult for most computers to handle at once.
This tutorial will use FOVs “02”, “03”, and “04” which correspond to the 3 FOVs visible on the bottom right in the negative probe preview above.
4.5 Create a Giotto Object for each FOV
for(fov_i in 1:length(id_set)) {
fov_id <- id_set[fov_i]
# 1. original composite image as png
original_composite_image <- paste0(data_path, "CellComposite/CellComposite_F0", fov_id,".jpg")
# 2. input cell segmentation as mask file
segmentation_mask <- paste0(data_path, "CellLabels/CellLabels_F0", fov_id, ".tif")
# 3. input features coordinates + offset
feat_coord <- feat_coords_all[fov == as.numeric(fov_id)]
neg_coord <- neg_coords_all[fov == as.numeric(fov_id)]
feat_coord <- feat_coord[,.(x_local_px, y_local_px, z, target)]
neg_coord <- neg_coord[,.(x_local_px, y_local_px, z, target)]
colnames(feat_coord) <- c("x", "y", "z", "gene_id")
colnames(neg_coord) <- c("x", "y", "z", "gene_id")
feat_coord <- feat_coord[,.(x, y, gene_id)]
neg_coord <- neg_coord[,.(x, y, gene_id)]
fovsubset <- createGiottoObjectSubcellular(
gpoints = list("rna" = feat_coord,
"neg_probe" = neg_coord),
gpolygons = list("cell" = segmentation_mask),
polygon_mask_list_params = list(
mask_method = "guess",
flip_vertical = TRUE,
flip_horizontal = FALSE,
shift_horizontal_step = FALSE
),
instructions = instructions
)
# cell centroids are now used to provide the spatial locations
fovsubset <- addSpatialCentroidLocations(fovsubset,
poly_info = "cell")
# create and add Giotto images
composite <- createGiottoLargeImage(raster_object = original_composite_image,
negative_y = FALSE,
name = "composite")
fovsubset <- addGiottoImage(gobject = fovsubset,
images = list(composite))
fovsubset <- convertGiottoLargeImageToMG(giottoLargeImage = composite,
gobject = fovsubset,
return_gobject = TRUE)
gobjects_list[[fov_i]] <- fovsubset
}4.6 Join FOV Giotto Objects
new_names <- paste0("fov0", id_set)
id_match <- match(as.numeric(id_set), fov_offset_file$fov)
x_shifts <- fov_offset_file[id_match]$x_global_px
y_shifts <- fov_offset_file[id_match]$y_global_px
# Create Giotto object that includes all selected FOVs
fov_join <- joinGiottoObjects(gobject_list = gobjects_list,
gobject_names = new_names,
join_method = "shift",
x_shift = x_shifts,
y_shift = y_shifts)5 Visualize Cells and Genes of Interest
When plotting subcellular data, Giotto uses the spatInSituPlot functions. Spatial plots showing the feature points and polygons are plotted using spatInSituPlotPoints().
showGiottoImageNames(fov_join)
# Set up vector of image names
id_set <- c("02", "03", "04")
new_names <- paste0("fov0", id_set)
image_names <- paste0(new_names, "-image")
spatInSituPlotPoints(fov_join,
show_image = TRUE,
image_name = image_names,
feats = list("rna" = c("MMP2", "VEGFA", "IGF1R",
"MKI67", "EPCAM", "KRT8")),
feats_color_code = viv10,
spat_unit = "cell",
point_size = 0.01,
show_polygon = TRUE,
use_overlap = FALSE,
polygon_feat_type = "cell",
polygon_color = "white",
polygon_line_size = 0.03,
save_param = list(base_height = 3))
5.1 Visualize Cell Centroids
The standard spatPlot2D() function can also be used, but this works off only the aggregated information that is assembled based on the subcellular information. Plotting information based on cell centroids can be done through this function.
spatPlot2D(gobject = fov_join,
image_name = image_names,
show_image = TRUE,
point_shape = "no_border",
point_size = 0.01,
point_alpha = 0.5,
coord_fix_ratio = 1,
save_param = list(base_height = 2))
6 Aggregate subcellular features
Giotto supports working directly with the subcellular features in order to generate cell by feature matrices. The data generated this way is then given the spatial unit "cell". This workflow is recommended over loading the provided cell by feature (aggregated expression) matrix and then including the subcellular information as secondary data.
When both the raw subcellular information and the pre-made expression matrix are loaded in at the same time, the subcellular data and all data generated from it should be given the spatial unit "cell" and the pre-generated aggregated information should be given a different spatial unit such as "cell_agg" to differentiate between the two sources of information.
In this step, we will be aggregating the feature points of "rna" and "neg_probe" into the "cell" spatial unit.
# Find the feature points overlapped by polygons. This overlap information is then
# returned to the relevant giottoPolygon object"s overlaps slot.
fov_join <- calculateOverlapRaster(fov_join,
feat_info = "rna")
fov_join <- calculateOverlapRaster(fov_join,
feat_info = "neg_probe")
# Convert the overlap information into a cell by feature expression matrix which
# is then stored in the Giotto object"s expression slot
fov_join <- overlapToMatrix(fov_join,
feat_info = "rna")
fov_join <- overlapToMatrix(fov_join,
feat_info = "neg_probe")
showGiottoExpression(fov_join)6.1 Plot histograms of total counts per cell
filterDistributions(fov_join,
plot_type = "hist",
detection = "cells",
method = "sum",
feat_type = "rna",
nr_bins = 100,
save_param = list(base_height = 3))
filterDistributions(fov_join,
plot_type = "hist",
detection = "cells",
method = "sum",
feat_type = "neg_probe",
nr_bins = 25,
save_param = list(base_height = 3))
6.2 2D Density Plots
Density-based representations may sometimes be preferred instead of viewing the raw points information, especially when points are dense enough that there is overplotting. After overlaps information has been calculated, spatInSituPlotDensity() can be used in order to get a general idea of how much expression there is of a feature.
spatInSituPlotDensity(gobject = fov_join,
feats = c("MMP2", "VEGFA", "IGF1R",
"MKI67", "EPCAM", "KRT8"),
cow_n_col = 2,
save_param = list(base_height = 4))
6.3 Extract Data from Giotto Object
# combine cell data
morphometa <- combineCellData(fov_join,
feat_type = "rna")
# combine feature data
featmeta <- combineFeatureData(fov_join,
feat_type = "rna")
# combine overlapping feature data
featoverlapmeta <- combineFeatureOverlapData(fov_join,
feat_type = "rna")7 Filtering and normalization
After the expression matrix is generated from the subcellular information, analysis proceeds through data filtering and normalization.
For the normalization step, we will employ two types.
standard normalization method: library size normalization and log normalization. This method will produce both normalized and scaled values that are be returned as the “normalized” and “scaled”expression matrices respectively. In this tutorial, the normalized values will be used for generating expression statistics and plotting expression values. The scaled values will be ignored. We will also generate normalized values for the negative probes for visualization purposes during which the library normalization step will be skipped.
pearson residuals: A normalization that uses the method described in Lause/Kobak et al, 2021. This produces a set of values that are most similar in utility to a scaled matrix and offer improvements to both HVF detection and PCA generation. These values should not be used for statistics, plotting of expression values, or differential expression analysis.
# filter (feat_type = "rna" by default)
fov_join <- filterGiotto(gobject = fov_join,
feat_type = "rna",
expression_threshold = 1,
feat_det_in_min_cells = 5,
min_det_feats_per_cell = 5)
# normalize
# standard method of normalization (log normalization based)
fov_join <- normalizeGiotto(gobject = fov_join,
feat_type = "rna",
norm_methods = "standard",
verbose = TRUE)
fov_join <- normalizeGiotto(gobject = fov_join,
feat_type = "neg_probe",
norm_methods = "standard",
library_size_norm = FALSE,
verbose = TRUE)
# new normalization method based on pearson correlations (Lause/Kobak et al. 2021)
# this normalized matrix is given the name "pearson" using the update_slot param
fov_join <- normalizeGiotto(gobject = fov_join,
feat_type = "rna",
scalefactor = 5000,
verbose = TRUE,
norm_methods = "pearson_resid",
update_slot = "pearson")
showGiottoExpression(fov_join)
# add statistics based on log normalized values for features rna and negative probes
fov_join <- addStatistics(gobject = fov_join,
expression_values = "normalized",
feat_type = "rna")
fov_join <- addStatistics(gobject = fov_join,
expression_values = "normalized",
feat_type = "neg_probe")
# View cellular data (default is feat = "rna")
showGiottoCellMetadata(fov_join)
# View feature data
showGiottoFeatMetadata(fov_join)Note: The show functions for metadata do not return the information. To retrieve the metadata information, instead use pDataDT() and fDataDT() along with the feat_type param for either “rna” or “neg_probe”.
8 View Transcript Total Expression Distribution
8.1 Histogram of log normalized data
filterDistributions(fov_join,
detection = "cells",
feat_type = "rna",
expression_values = "normalized",
method = "sum",
nr_bins = 100,
save_param = list(base_height = 3))
filterDistributions(fov_join,
detection = "cell",
feat_type = "neg_probe",
expression_values = "normalized",
method = "sum",
nr_bins = 20,
save_param = list(base_height = 3))
8.2 Plot spatially as centroids
spatPlot2D(gobject = fov_join,
cell_color = "total_expr",
color_as_factor = FALSE,
show_image = TRUE,
image_name = image_names,
point_size = 0.9,
point_alpha = 0.75,
save_param = list(base_height = 2))
8.3 Plot spatially as color-scaled polygons
spatInSituPlotPoints(fov_join,
show_polygon = TRUE,
polygon_color = "gray",
polygon_line_size = 0.05,
polygon_fill = "total_expr",
polygon_fill_as_factor = FALSE,
save_param = list(base_height = 2))
spatInSituPlotPoints(fov_join,
feat_type = "neg_probe",
show_polygon = TRUE,
polygon_color = "gray",
polygon_line_size = 0.05,
polygon_fill = "total_expr",
polygon_fill_as_factor = FALSE,
save_param = list(base_height = 2))
9 Dimension Reduction
9.1 Detect highly variable genes and generate PCA
Detect highly variable genes using the pearson residuals method based on the “pearson” expression matrix. These results will be returned as a new “hvf” column in the “rna” feature metadata.
PCA generation will also be based on the “pearson” matrix. Scaling and centering of the PCA which is usually done by default will be skipped since the pearson matrix is already scaled.
fov_join <- calculateHVF(fov_join,
method = "var_p_resid",
expression_values = "pearson",
save_plot = TRUE)
# If you get an Error related to future.apply, please modify the maximum size
# of global variables by running: options(future.globals.maxSize = 1e10)
# print HVFs
gene_metadata <- fDataDT(fov_join)
gene_metadata[hvf == "yes", feat_ID]
fov_join <- runPCA(fov_join,
scale_unit = FALSE,
center = FALSE,
expression_values = "pearson")
# screeplot uses the generated PCA. No need to specify expr values
screePlot(fov_join,
ncp = 20)
plotPCA(fov_join,
cell_color = "nr_feats", # (from log norm statistics)
color_as_factor = FALSE,
point_size = 0.1,
point_shape = "no_border")
9.2 Run UMAP
# Generate UMAP from PCA
fov_join <- runUMAP(fov_join,
dimensions_to_use = 1:10,
n_threads = 4)
plotUMAP(gobject = fov_join)
9.3 Plot features on expression space
dimFeatPlot2D(gobject = fov_join,
feat_type = "rna",
feats = c("MKI67", "CD8A", "CD4",
"COL1A1", "MS4A1", "MZB1"),
expression_values = "normalized",
point_shape = "no_border",
point_size = 0.01,
cow_n_col = 3,
save_param = list(base_height = 5))
10 Cluster
10.1 Visualize clustering
fov_join <- createNearestNetwork(gobject = fov_join,
dimensions_to_use = 1:10,
k = 10)
fov_join <- doLeidenCluster(gobject = fov_join,
resolution = 0.07,
n_iterations = 1000)
# visualize UMAP cluster results
plotUMAP(gobject = fov_join,
cell_color = "leiden_clus",
cell_color_code = pal10,
show_NN_network = TRUE,
point_size = 2)
10.2 Visualize clustering on expression and spatial space
# visualize UMAP and spatial results
spatDimPlot2D(gobject = fov_join,
show_image = TRUE,
image_name = image_names,
cell_color = "leiden_clus",
cell_color_code = pal10,
spat_point_size = 1)
10.3 Map clustering spatially
spatInSituPlotPoints(fov_join,
feats = list("rna" = c("MMP2", "VEGFA", "IGF1R",
"MKI67", "EPCAM", "MZB1")),
point_size = 0.15,
feats_color_code = viv10,
show_polygon = TRUE,
polygon_color = "white",
polygon_line_size = 0.01,
polygon_fill = "leiden_clus",
polygon_fill_as_factor = TRUE,
polygon_fill_code = pal10,
save_param = list(base_height = 5))
11 Small Subset Visualization
#subset a Giotto object based on spatial locations
smallfov <- subsetGiottoLocs(fov_join,
x_max = 3000,
x_min = 1000,
y_max = -157800,
y_min = -159800)
#extract all genes observed in new object
smallfeats <- fDataDT(smallfov)[, feat_ID]
#plot all genes
spatInSituPlotPoints(smallfov,
feats = list(smallfeats),
point_size = 0.15,
polygon_line_size = 0.1,
show_polygon = TRUE,
polygon_color = "white",
show_image = TRUE,
image_name = "fov002-composite",
show_legend = FALSE)
# plot only the polygon outlines
spatInSituPlotPoints(smallfov,
polygon_line_size = 0.1,
polygon_alpha = 0,
polygon_color = "white",
show_polygon = TRUE,
show_image = TRUE,
image_name = "fov002-composite",
show_legend = FALSE)
# plot polygons colorlabeled with leiden clusters
spatInSituPlotPoints(smallfov,
polygon_line_size = 0.1,
show_polygon = TRUE,
polygon_fill = "leiden_clus",
polygon_fill_as_factor = TRUE,
polygon_fill_code = pal10,
show_image = TRUE,
image_name = "fov002-composite",
show_legend = FALSE)
12 Spatial Expression Patterns
Find spatially organized gene expression by examining the binarized expression of cells and their spatial neighbors.
# create spatial network based on physical distance of cell centroids
fov_join <- createSpatialNetwork(gobject = fov_join,
minimum_k = 2,
maximum_distance_delaunay = 50)
# perform Binary Spatial Extraction of genes - NOTE: Depending on your system this could take time
km_spatialfeats <- binSpect(fov_join)
# visualize spatial expression of selected genes obtained from binSpect
spatFeatPlot2D(fov_join,
expression_values = "normalized",
feats = km_spatialfeats$feats[1:10],
point_shape = "no_border",
point_border_stroke = 0.01,
point_size = 0.01,
cow_n_col = 2)
13 Identify cluster differential expression genes
13.1 Violin plot
# Gini
markers_gini <- findMarkers_one_vs_all(gobject = fov_join,
method = "gini",
expression_values = "normalized",
cluster_column = "leiden_clus",
min_feats = 1,
rank_score = 2)
# First 5 results by cluster
markers_gini[, head(.SD, 5), by = "cluster"]
# violinplot
topgenes_gini <- unique(markers_gini[, head(.SD, 2), by = "cluster"]$feats)
violinPlot(fov_join,
feats = topgenes_gini,
cluster_column = "leiden_clus",
strip_position = "right")
13.2 Heatmap
cluster_order <- 1:10
plotMetaDataHeatmap(fov_join,
expression_values = "normalized",
metadata_cols = "leiden_clus",
selected_feats = topgenes_gini,
custom_cluster_order = cluster_order,
save_param = list(base_height = 5))
13.3 Plot gini genes on UMAP
# low, mid, high
custom_scale = c("#440154", "#1F968B", "#FDE725")
dimFeatPlot2D(fov_join,
expression_values = "normalized",
cell_color_gradient = custom_scale,
gradient_midpoint = 5,
feats = topgenes_gini,
point_shape = "no_border",
point_size = 0.001,
cow_n_col = 4,
save_param = list(base_height = 8))
13.4 Cell Type Annotation
## add cell types ###
clusters_cell_types <- c("Normal Epithelial 1", "Cancer", "Stromal", "B-lineage",
"Macrophage", "B-lineage", "Cancer",
"Normal Epithelial 2", "Stromal", "B-lineage")
names(clusters_cell_types) <- 1:10
fov_join <- annotateGiotto(gobject = fov_join,
annotation_vector = clusters_cell_types,
cluster_column = "leiden_clus",
name = "cell_types")
plotUMAP(fov_join,
cell_color = "cell_types",
cell_color_code = viv10,
point_size = 1.5)
13.5 Visualize
spatDimPlot2D(gobject = fov_join,
show_image = TRUE,
image_name = image_names,
cell_color = "cell_types",
cell_color_code = viv10,
spat_point_size = 1)
spatInSituPlotPoints(fov_join,
show_polygon = TRUE,
polygon_feat_type = "cell",
polygon_color = "grey",
polygon_line_size = 0.05,
polygon_fill = "cell_types",
polygon_fill_as_factor = TRUE,
polygon_fill_code = viv10,
save_param = list(base_height = 2))
14 Interaction Changed Genes
future::plan("multisession", workers = 4) # NOTE: Depending on your system this could take time
icf <- findInteractionChangedFeats(gobject = fov_join,
cluster_column = "cell_types")
# Identify top ten interaction changed features
icf$ICFscores[type_int == "hetero"]$feats[1:10]
# Skip first two genes since they are too highly expressed
icf_plotfeats <- icf$ICFscores[type_int == "hetero"]$feats[3:12]
# Visualize ICF expression
spatInSituPlotPoints(fov_join,
feats = list(icf_plotfeats),
point_size = 0.001,
show_polygon = TRUE,
polygon_feat_type = "cell",
polygon_color = "gray",
polygon_line_size = 0.05,
polygon_fill = "cell_types",
polygon_fill_as_factor = TRUE,
polygon_fill_code = pal10,
save_param = list(base_height = 6))
15 Saving the giotto object
Giotto uses many objects that include pointers to information that live on disk instead of loading everything into memory. This includes both giotto image objects (giottoImage, giottoLargeImage) and also subcellular information (giottoPoints, giottoPolygon). When saving the project as a .RDS or .Rdata, these pointers are broken and can produce errors when loaded again.
saveGiotto() is a function that can save Giotto Suite projects into a contained structured directory that can then be properly loaded again later using loadGiotto().
saveGiotto(gobject = fov_join,
foldername = "new_folder_name",
dir = "/directory/to/save/to/")16 Session Info
R version 4.4.1 (2024-06-14)
Platform: x86_64-apple-darwin20
Running under: macOS Sonoma 14.6.1
Matrix products: default
BLAS: /System/Library/Frameworks/Accelerate.framework/Versions/A/Frameworks/vecLib.framework/Versions/A/libBLAS.dylib
LAPACK: /Library/Frameworks/R.framework/Versions/4.4-x86_64/Resources/lib/libRlapack.dylib; LAPACK version 3.12.0
locale:
[1] en_US.UTF-8/en_US.UTF-8/en_US.UTF-8/C/en_US.UTF-8/en_US.UTF-8
time zone: America/New_York
tzcode source: internal
attached base packages:
[1] stats graphics grDevices utils datasets methods base
other attached packages:
[1] ggplot2_3.5.1 Giotto_4.1.3 GiottoClass_0.4.0
loaded via a namespace (and not attached):
[1] colorRamp2_0.1.0 deldir_2.0-4 rlang_1.1.4
[4] magrittr_2.0.3 RcppAnnoy_0.0.22 GiottoUtils_0.1.12
[7] matrixStats_1.4.1 compiler_4.4.1 png_0.1-8
[10] systemfonts_1.1.0 vctrs_0.6.5 pkgconfig_2.0.3
[13] SpatialExperiment_1.14.0 crayon_1.5.3 fastmap_1.2.0
[16] backports_1.5.0 magick_2.8.4 XVector_0.44.0
[19] labeling_0.4.3 utf8_1.2.4 rmarkdown_2.28
[22] UCSC.utils_1.0.0 ragg_1.3.2 purrr_1.0.2
[25] xfun_0.47 beachmat_2.20.0 zlibbioc_1.50.0
[28] GenomeInfoDb_1.40.1 jsonlite_1.8.8 DelayedArray_0.30.1
[31] BiocParallel_1.38.0 terra_1.7-78 irlba_2.3.5.1
[34] parallel_4.4.1 R6_2.5.1 RColorBrewer_1.1-3
[37] reticulate_1.39.0 parallelly_1.38.0 GenomicRanges_1.56.1
[40] scattermore_1.2 Rcpp_1.0.13 SummarizedExperiment_1.34.0
[43] knitr_1.48 future.apply_1.11.2 R.utils_2.12.3
[46] IRanges_2.38.1 Matrix_1.7-0 igraph_2.0.3
[49] tidyselect_1.2.1 rstudioapi_0.16.0 abind_1.4-5
[52] yaml_2.3.10 codetools_0.2-20 listenv_0.9.1
[55] lattice_0.22-6 tibble_3.2.1 Biobase_2.64.0
[58] withr_3.0.1 evaluate_0.24.0 future_1.34.0
[61] pillar_1.9.0 MatrixGenerics_1.16.0 checkmate_2.3.2
[64] stats4_4.4.1 plotly_4.10.4 generics_0.1.3
[67] dbscan_1.2-0 sp_2.1-4 S4Vectors_0.42.1
[70] munsell_0.5.1 scales_1.3.0 gtools_3.9.5
[73] globals_0.16.3 glue_1.7.0 lazyeval_0.2.2
[76] tools_4.4.1 GiottoVisuals_0.2.5 data.table_1.16.0
[79] ScaledMatrix_1.12.0 cowplot_1.1.3 grid_4.4.1
[82] tidyr_1.3.1 colorspace_2.1-1 SingleCellExperiment_1.26.0
[85] GenomeInfoDbData_1.2.12 BiocSingular_1.20.0 rsvd_1.0.5
[88] cli_3.6.3 textshaping_0.4.0 fansi_1.0.6
[91] S4Arrays_1.4.1 viridisLite_0.4.2 dplyr_1.1.4
[94] uwot_0.2.2 gtable_0.3.5 R.methodsS3_1.8.2
[97] digest_0.6.37 progressr_0.14.0 BiocGenerics_0.50.0
[100] SparseArray_1.4.8 ggrepel_0.9.6 rjson_0.2.22
[103] htmlwidgets_1.6.4 farver_2.1.2 htmltools_0.5.8.1
[106] R.oo_1.26.0 lifecycle_1.0.4 httr_1.4.7
[109] MASS_7.3-60.2